Elements of Literature Essay

Many literature students are expected to be familiar with the basic terms listed below (and discussed in more depth in your text). Keep this study guide with your text. At the beginning of each reading assignment, write the elements of literature pertaining to the particular type of literature at the beginning of the short story or poem. After reading, define them in your text for class discussion, quizzes, and test preparation. To understand literature, it is necessary that you ask yourself certain questions, such as â€Å"what is the theme of this story? † or â€Å"why does the author use this particular type of imagery? † You are not necessarily reading for pleasure–although it is sincerely hoped you will derive pleasure from your assignments–but for the development of critical analysis skills, so observe the author’s style and intent carefully. Short Stories/Novel Theme–The idea or point of a story formulated as a generalization. In American literature, several themes are evident which reflect and define our society. The dominant ones might be innocence/experience, life/death, appearance/reality, free will/fate, madness/sanity, love/hate, society/individual, known/unknown. Themes may have a single, instead of a dual nature as well. The theme of a story may be a mid-life crisis, or imagination, or the duality of humankind (contradictions). Character–Imaginary people created by the writer. Perhaps the most important element of literature. †¢ Protagonist–Major character at the center of the story. †¢ Antagonist–A character or force that opposes the protagonist. †¢ Minor character–0ften provides support and illuminates the protagonist. †¢ Static character–A character who remains the same. †¢ Dynamic character–A character who changes in some important way. †¢ Characterization–The means by which writers reveal character. †¢ Explicit Judgment–Narrator gives facts and interpretive comment. †¢ Implied Judgment–Narrator gives description; reader make the judgment. Look for: Connections, links, and clues between and about characters. Ask yourself what the function and significance of each character is. Make this determination based upon the character’s history, what the reader is told (and not told), and what other characters say about themselves and others. Plot–The arrangement of ideas and/or incidents that make up a story. Causality–One event occurs because of another event. †¢ Foreshadowing–A suggestion of what is going to happen. †¢ Suspense–A sense of worry established by the author. †¢ Conflict–Struggle between opposing forces. †¢ Exposition–Background information regarding the setting, characters, plot. †¢ Complication or Rising Action–Intensification of conflict. †¢ Crisis–Turning point; moment of great tension that fixes the action. †¢ Resolution/Denouement–The way the story turns out. Structure–The design or form of the completed action. Often provides clues to character and action. Can even philosophically mirror the author’s intentions, especially if it is unusual. Look for: Repeated elements in action, gesture, dialogue, description, as well as shifts in direction, focus, time, place, etc. Setting–The place or location of the action, the setting provides the historical and cultural context for characters. It often can symbolize the emotional state of characters. Point of View–Again, the point of view can sometimes indirectly establish the author’s intentions. Point of view pertains to who tells the story and how it is told. †¢ Narrator–The person telling the story. †¢ First-person–Narrator participates in action but sometimes has limited knowledge/vision. †¢ Objective–Narrator is unnamed/unidentified (a detached observer). Does not assume character’s perspective and is not a character in the story. The narrator reports on events and lets the reader supply the meaning. †¢ Omniscient–All-knowing narrator (multiple perspectives). The narrator takes us into the character and can evaluate a character for the reader (editorial omniscience). When a narrator allows the reader to make his or her own judgments from the action of the characters themselves, it is called neutral omniscience. †¢ Limited omniscient–All-knowing narrator about one or two characters, but not all. Language and Style–Style is the verbal identity of a writer, oftentimes based on the author’s use of diction (word choice) and syntax (the order of words in a sentence). A writer’s use of language reveals his or her tone, or the attitude toward the subject matter. Irony–A contrast or discrepancy between one thing and another. †¢ Verbal irony–We understand the opposite of what the speaker says. †¢ Irony of Circumstance or Situational Irony–When one event is expected to occur but the opposite happens. A discrepancy between what seems to be and what is. †¢ Dramatic Irony–Discrepancy between what characters know and what readers know. †¢ Ironic Vision–An overall tone of irony that pervades a work, suggesting how the writer views the characters. Poetry Allegory–A form of narrative in which people, places, and events seem to have hidden meanings. Often a retelling of an older story. Connotation–The implied meaning of a word. Denotation–The dictionary definition of a word. Diction–Word choice and usage (for example, formal vs. informal), as determined by considerations of audience and purpose. Figurative Language–The use of words to suggest meanings beyond the literal. There are a number of figures of speech. Some of the more common ones are: †¢ Metaphor–Making a comparison between unlike things without the use of a verbal clue (such as â€Å"like† or â€Å"as†). †¢ Simile–Making a comparison between unlike things, using â€Å"like† or â€Å"as†. †¢ Hyperbole–Exaggeration †¢ Personification–Endowing inanimate objects with human characteristics Imagery–A concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an idea which appeals to one or more of our senses. Look for a pattern of imagery. †¢ Tactile imagery–sense of touch. †¢ Aural imagery–sense of hearing. †¢ Olfactory imagery–sense of smell. †¢ Visual imagery–sense of sight. †¢ Gustatory imagery–sense of taste. Rhythm and Meter–Rhythm is the pulse or beat in a line of poetry, the regular recurrence of an accent or stress. Meter is the measure or patterned count of a poetry line (a count of the stresses we feel in a poem’s rhythm). The unit of poetic meter in English is called a â€Å"foot,† a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables. Ask yourself how the rhythm and meter affects the tone and meaning. Sound–Do the words rhyme? Is there alliteration (repetition of consonants) or assonance (repetition of vowels)? How does this affect the tone? Structure–The pattern of organization of a poem. For example, a sonnet is a 14-line poem usually written in iambic pentameter. Because the sonnet is strictly constrained, it is considered a closed or fixed form. An open or free form is a poem in which the author uses a looser form, or perhaps one of his or her own invention. It is not necessarily formless. Symbolism–When objects or actions mean more than themselves. Syntax–Sentence structure and word order. Voice: Speaker and Tone–The voice that conveys the poem’s tone; its implied attitude toward its subject. Elements of Literature. Literature is a reflection of the society. A writer appeals to our feelings, emotions through various elements of literature, such as plot, character, theme, etc. Read more to know about the elements of literature. We can summarize literature in the words of Ezra Pound that great literature is simply language charged with meaning to the utmost possible degree. Every race has its own literature, for example, English literature, American literature, German literature, etc. Various types of literaturesuch as story, novel and drama delight us through the elements of literature. In literature, theme is important to reveal the story. An author depicts the ups and downs of the protagonist with the help of characterization. The story progresses through various plots. There are prologues and epilogues in Shakespearean drama. Facts on Elements of Literature: Elements of literature denote the things that are used to make up a work of literature. There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or a novelist need to use certain elements like plot, character, theme, etc. However, elements of fiction and elements of drama differ from elements of poetry. These elements are discussed below: Elements of Fiction and Drama : Literary types such as fiction; drama and short story have some elements. These include †¢ Plot †¢ Character †¢ Setting †¢ Theme †¢ Structure †¢ Point of view †¢ Conflict †¢ Diction †¢ Foreshadowing Plot: Plot is the serial arrangement of incidents, ideas or events. In literature, the plot encompasses all the incidents and provides aesthetic pleasure. The story of the novel progresses through various plots and conflicts. Plots of dramas are divided into â€Å"Acts† and â€Å"Scenes†. Drama has five essential parts. These are: †¢ Introduction of the story where the characters and setting are introduced †¢ Rising action †¢ Climax †¢ Falling action †¢ Denouement Playwrights use dialogue to develop their plots. They reveal information about their characters such as their background and personality. Character: Character plays a pivotal role in a drama, novel, short story and all kinds of narratives. In drama, character reflects the personality of the protagonist and other related characters. The method of conveying information about characters in art is called characterization. Characters can be fictional or based on real, historical entities. It can be human, supernatural, mythical, divine, animal or personifications of an abstraction. There are round characters, flat characters, stereotypical stock characters, etc. In Marlowe’s drama â€Å"The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus†, Faustus is the main character of the play. Setting: It refers to geographical location of the story, time period, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story. In a novel, the setting plays an important role. In short stories, sometimes it plays an important role, while for others it is not. Settings of literary forms have been changing according to theme of the literary piece, for example, Shakespeare’s tragedies and comedies have the setting of palaces, castles whereas modern and post-modern dramas have setting of houses of common people. There were supernatural elements in earlier literature and nowadays absurdity rules the literature. Setting can take place in a house, school, castle, forest, hospital or anywhere that the writers want to extend their scenes. Theme: Theme is another prime element of literature, which contains the central idea of all literary forms such as a novel, drama and short story. It reflects innocence, experience, life, death, reality, fate, madness, sanity, love, society, individual, etc. Thus, it reflects the society as a whole, for example, the theme of Hardy’s novel â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† reflects the role of fate in our life. Likewise, in a drama, theme represents the brief idea of the drama. Structure: Structure is another important element of a drama, novel or short story. In dramas, there are plots and subplots. These also are divided into acts and scenes. Here the contrasting subplots give the main plot an additional perspective. Likewise, novels have different chapters and scenes. Point of view: Point of view is another element of the narrative, through which a writer tells the story. Authors use first-person point of view or third-person point of view. First-person point of view indicates that the main character is telling the story, whereas the third-person point of view directs that the narrator is telling the story. A novel can be written in the first-person narrative, third-person narrative, omniscient point of view, limited omniscient point of view, stream of consciousness and objective point of view. These points of view play an important role in the distinct structure of the story or a play. Conflict: Be it a short story, drama or novel, conflict is the essential element of all these literary forms. A plot becomes interesting and intriguing when it has its share of inbuilt conflict and twists. Conflict can be internal conflict or external. It can take place between two men, between the character and his psychology, between the character and circumstances or between character and society. Use of language or diction: Diction is another essential element of drama. A playwright exhibits the thoughts of characters through dialogue. â€Å"Dialogue† has come from the Greek word â€Å"dialogosa† which means â€Å"conversation†. Shakespeare used this to portray the thoughts, emotions and feelings of the character. This also provides clues to their background and personalities. Diction also helps in advancing the plot. Greek philosophers like Aristotle used dialogue as the best way to instruct their students. Foreshadowing: Foreshadowing is another important element of literature that is applied as hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story. It creates suspense and encourages the reader to go on and find out more about the event that is being foreshadowed. Foreshadowing is used to make a narrative more authentic. Elements of Poetry : Poetry is literature in a metrical form. However, free-verse became the popular style towards the modern and post modern age. Like fiction, it may not have plots, setting, etc, yet it has a structured method of writing. There are various kinds of poetry such as ballad, sonnet, etc. All these forms have some elements such as style, theme, rhyme, rhythm, metaphor, etc. that are described below: Style: Style refers to the way the poem is written. Poems are written in various styles, such as free verse, ballad, sonnet, etc. , which have different meters and number of stanzas. Symbol: Symbol represents the idea and thought of the poem. It can be an object, person, situation or action. For example, a national flag is the symbol of that nation. Theme: Like other forms of literature, poetry has a theme of its own. Theme contains the message, point of view and idea of the poem. Imagery: Imagery is another important element that a poet often uses in poems that appeal to our senses. In the age of modernism, T. S. Eliot used images of urban life in his poems. Wordsworth used nature as poetic images in his poems. Rhyme and rhythm: Rhyme is an element that is often used in poetry. It’s a recurrence of an accented sound or sounds in a piece of literature. Poets and lyricists use this device in various ways to rhyme within a verse. There is internal rhyme, cross rhyme, random rhyme and mixed rhyme. It gives the poem flow and rhythm. It contains the syllables in a poem. Every poem has a rhythm in it. It’s about how the words resonate with each other, how the words flow when they are linked with one another in a poem. Meter: This is an important rhythmic structure of poetry. It is described as sequence of feet, each foot being a specific series of syllable types – such as stressed/unstressed and makes the poetry more melodious. Alliteration: Alliteration is another element used in poetry for the sound effect. It indicates two or more words with same repetition of initial letter, for example, â€Å"dressy daffodils†. Here the sound of the letter ‘d’ is repeated. Simile: A simile is a figure of speech used for comparison in the poetry with the words ‘like’ or ‘as’, for example, â€Å"as black as coal†. Metaphor: Metaphor is used in poetry to make an implicit comparison. Unlike simile, here the comparison is implied, for example, ‘Her laughter, a babbling brook’. Onomatopoeia: This is one important element of poetry, which refers to words that sound like their meaning, for example, buzz, moo and paw. Element of literature includes all the elements that are essential to create a piece of literature. These elements help a writer to create splendid poetry, superb drama and soul-touching novel. These elements are used to form the structure of a literary piece. | |

Jashan-E-Baharan Celebrations at Cbm

Jashan-e-Baharan Celebrations at CBM Jashan-e-Baharan or the onset of spring is celebrated all over the country and different festivals are organized on its arrival. CBM, one of the leading business schools of the country, organized a similar festival, ‘Basant Mela’ by name, on the 24th  of March, 2008. The event, starting at 3:00 pm, was an astounding success with hundreds of students thronging the campus premises to participate in the festivities. The program wonderfully galvanized the enthusiasm of both the students and the faculty members and was staged in a typical ambience of spring season encompassing colours, kites and excitement everywhere. The Prologue:  Hectic and intense preparations preceded the event with every minute detail from the arrangement of the tables that needed to be laid out to the number of people expected to attend the event, both students of the college and expected outsiders. As performers rehearsed days and nights, fellow students also supported, cheered and propelled them to put up their best show. A mini dress rehearsal of concert and entertainment programs was held on the 20th  of March at the campus auditorium and only the students of CBM were allowed to have on-stage performance. The Mela:  Volunteers of the Entertainment & Publications Society started to troop in promptly by 10:00 am in the morning. The event gathered momentum with the unfolding of the event backdrop and the tables being laid out. As the creaks of the microphones and the â€Å"Hello†s reverberated throughout the hall, one could sense the excitement in store. By the middle of afternoon the pace saturated and as the clock struck 3:00 pm the event was officially declared opened by the president of the said society and students started pouring in. A hearty welcome in traditional style was offered to the patrons, including the Executive Director Academics of the college, Mr. Talib S. Karim. Once inside, nostrils were filled with the flavors of the Cha’at, Samosas and a colorful chaos, the folklore characteristics of village melas. A special section was dedicated for the kite-flyers in the car parking area and no one was allowed to fly kites at any other place of the vicinity in order to ensure safety and discipline for all the participants. A throng of crowd gathered near the â€Å"Game Arena†, a portion dedicated to the game lovers, trying their luck in games of chances. One student was noticed in particular by everyone who, after the 26th attempt, landed a ring on the right spot and amidst a burst of cheers and applauds – ‘won a prize! ’. For those who appreciated the finer aspects of tradition and handworks, a table filled with the various exotic and eye-catching pots, shawls, bangles and other ornaments from Kashmir and northern valleys, were waiting to be scooped away. A special information-booth was setup for outsiders and guests which served its purpose well especially for those interested in knowing about the institute in detail. The main sponsors of the event were Cadbury, Glaxo Smith Kline and the makers of Lipton Tea. Beyond any doubt, such events are a source of entertainment and refreshment for both the students and faculty members and they should be organized on a regular basis.

Ap Us History Outline Essay Example for Free

Ap Us History Outline Essay General Information: Use your review text, other history text books, and/or reliable internet sources to complete each of the five (5) outlines over U.S. history from exploration through the Civil War. Be sure that all terms are defined and specific information is added under each topic. We will use this work in class over the first several weeks of school. All of this work should be placed in a folder and turned in by the designated date. This should be typed. You will need much more space than provided below. Adjust the spacing when you type your work. Native Cultures & Early Exploration Do you remember this topic from elementary or middle school? Brainstorm any information that you remember. In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue The first people to discover the land were the nomads that traveled over the â€Å"land bridge† from Asia The Mayflower brought the first British pilgrims The Native Americans showed the pilgrims how to grow maize Pilgrims introduced the plague to Native American Christopher Columbus and his crew landed on the Canary Islands on October 12, 1492. List regions of North America and the Native groups living in each— Southeast- Cherokee,Seminole, Apalachee, Catawba Chickasaw, Choctow, Coushatta, Creek, Houma, Lumbee, Miccoukee, Timacu Mid Atlantic/Northeast- Piscataway, Lenape, Powhatan, Yaocamico, Algonquin, Iroquios, Narrangansett, Nipmuc, Peqet, Pokanoket, Wampanog Great Lakes- Cippewa, Fox, Shawnee, Huron, Kickapoo, Menominee, Miami, Oneida, Onondaga, Ottowa, Potawatomi, Winnebago Great Plains- Sioux, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Comanche, Arapoho, Crow, Dakota, Kiowa, Mandan, Osage, Pawnee, Wichta Califrornia/Mountains- Paiute, Shoshone, Cahuilla, Chemihuevi, Chumash, Costanoan, Diegueno, Hupa, Luiseno, Maidu, Pomo, Ute Pacific Northwest- Spokane, Aleut, Athabascan, Chinook, Colville, Coos, Nez Perce, Puget Sound Salish, Quileute, Quinault, Tlihgit, Tulalip Southwest- Navajo, Apache, Pueblo, Hopi, Keres, Maricopa, Mojave, Tohono O’odham, Pima, Yaqui,Yuma, Zuni The Columbian Exchange refers to the transcontinental movement of animals, foods, plants, and diseases after 1492. II.Age of Exploration (1420 – 1620) What developments/changes BEFORE this time that had an impact on exploration? Political—the unification of small states into larger ones with centralized political power Technological— compass, astrolabe, cross staff, hour glass, the Spanish galleon Religious— the Protestant Reformation as a result of The Renaissance Military— The change in the way people payed for wars and the sudden need for a strong military was western Europe’s response to the challenges of warfare in the new age of gunpowder weapons Economic—The rise of capitalism created a largely urban middle class committed to expanding markets. As more people looked to buy products and goods, national and international trade interests grew . Nations/ Their explorer(s)/Major Reasons& Motives for Exploration/Location/Success Portugal—& Treaty of Tordesillas Ferdinand Magellan- first voyage around the world Christopher Columbus- discovered the New World; landed in Bahamas on first voyage Bartholomeu Dias- lead voyage around Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of South Africa) Pedro Alvarez Cabral- first European to see Brazil The Treaty of Tordesillas was created to settle disputes between Spain and Portugal over land discovered by Columbus. Motives: Wealth – gold, silver and spices Power Increasing opportunities for Portuguese trade Spreading the Catholic Religion Spain— Christopher Columbus- financed by Spain and claimed much of the New World in the name of Spain Vasco Nunez de Balboa- crossed the Isthmus of Panama and claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain Juan Diaz de Solis- landed in Uruguay Hernan Cortes- founds Veracruz in Mexico Motives: Wealth Power Prestige Increasing opportunities for Spanish trade Spreading the Catholic religion Building a Spanish Empire France— Jaques Cartier- landed in Newfoundland Samuel de Champlain- established Port Royal in present day Nova Scotia, founded Quebec Sieur de Bienville- founded New Orleans Motives: Gold Expand French Empire To capture and sell American animals furs in France 4. England— Sir Frances Drake- circumnavigates the world Sir Walter Raleigh- The Discovery of Guiana and establishing the Virginia colony of Roanoke Island Sir Humphrey Gilbert- established St. Johns, Newfoundland Motives: Wealth (failed) Competition with Spain and France Spreading Christianity C. Other European powers exploring the New World/Areas Claimed/Goals of Colonies Dutch- Henry Hudson was an Englishman who was sent by the Dutch; he landed in Labrador and headed south, down the coast. Colonized New Netherlands and New Amsterdam II.English Colonization in North America escape religious prosecution  economic (business investments overseas)  place to work for unemployed  more political freedom Royal- owned by the King Proprietary- land grants from British Government to colonists Self-governing- set up ongovernment seperate of the crown (King at any time could revoke  privillage and declare the colony a Royal Colony) Thirteen English Colonies (complete chart in detail) Be able to compare/contrast. |Region |Date of Founding|Founder or People associated with Early History of Colony |Environment, Economy, and Labor of the Region;| | | |Notes on the Early History of the Colony: Why it was founded, |the role of religion in these colonies | | | |significant characteristics, terms, and/or laws | | |New England | |Plymouth and |Plymouth – 1620 |101 colonists left England to head for the Virginia Colony in 1620. |It was very cold in the New England colonies, | |Massachusetts |Mass. Bay – 1630 |However, the Mayflower was blown off course and landed in |but this helped prevent the spread of deadly | | | |present-day Cape Cod and the town they established on December 21, |diseases (although it did not stop it). The | | | |1620 was named Plymouth. |harsh winters killed many. The land was | | | | |covered in hills and rocky soil. There was a | | | | |short growing season, so the natural resources| | | | |such as fish, whales, trees, and fur became | | | | |the most reliable so urces for survival. The | | | | |towns were to support the religion of the | | | | |Puritans, who did not tolerate other religious| | | | |views. | |Connecticut |1636 |John Winthrop, Thomas Dudley, and other non-separatist Puritans | | | | |founded the colony. The first Governor, John Endecott, was a staunch| | | | |Puritan who percecuted anyone with opposing views. | | |Rhode Island |1636 |Roger Williams was a Protestant minister who sought separation from | | | | |the Church of England. Eventually he was tried in Salem and banished| | | | |for his views. He purchased land from the Narragansett Indians and | | | | |founded Providence, Rhode Island. | | |New Hampshire |1623 |In 1623, under the authority of an English land-grant, Captain John | | | | |Mason sent David Thomson, a Scotsman, and Edward and Thomas Hilton, | | | | |fish-merchants of London, with a number of other people in two | | | | |divisions to establish a fishing colony in what is now New | | | | |Hampshire, at the mouth of the Piscataqua River | | |Middle Colonies | |New York |1625 |Originally call ed New Netherlands, was so named in honor of the Duke|These colonies are politically, socially, and| | | |of York to whom the territory was granted on its conquest from its |economically diverse. The rich land in | | | |first settlers, the Dutch who came for trade and furs. |Pennsylvania and the easy access to the ports | | | | |are the reason the Middle Colonies are | | | | |agricultural and industrial. This region | | | | |experienced the most religious pluralism. | |New Jersey |1664 |New Jersey was sold by the Duke of York to George Carteret and Lord | | | | |Berkley. It was colonized majorly for farming and trade. | | |Pennsylvania |1681 |The King granted the land to William Penn, who set sail from England| | | | |August of 1682 with Captain Greenway and the soon-to-be colonists, | | | | |who were mostly Quakers. | | |Delaware |1638 |Peter Minuit was Dutch and formed New Sweden as part of New | | | | |Netherland. When Charles II, King of England gave his brother James,| | | | |the Duke of York, New Netherland, James demanded and received its | | | | |surrender. He renamed New Sweden to Delaware | | |Southern Colonies | |Maryland |1632 |The territory was named Maryland in honor of Henrietta Maria, the |The founders of the se colonies came for the | | | |queen consort of Charles I. It was founded by Lord Baltimore, |sole purpose of making money. The area is | | | |because he had attempted to settle in Virginia and was rejected for |almost entirely agricultural, so there was a | | | |being a Catholic. |high need for slaves due to the increasing | | | | |demand for labor. The most common religion was| | | | |Anglican. | | Jamestown and Virginia |1607 |Virginia was founded by John Smith, who is remembered for his role | | | | |of establishing the first permanent English settlement in America, | | | | |Jamestown. This was the first successful English colony, which did | | | | |very well. With all of it’s exports and imports, it was able to | | | | |sustain itself very easily | | | | | | | |North Carolina |Carolinas – 1663 |The Carolinas were settled by proprietors, who were successful due | | | |NC – 1712 |to the rich soil for farming and the available wildlife for fur | | | | |trading. | | |South Carolina |Carolinas – 1663 |The Carolinas eventually split into the modern day North and South | | | |SC – 1712 |Carolinas because of general cultural differences. | | |Georgia |1732 |James Oglethorpe was a British general from London, who joined the | | | | |army when he was 18, in 1714. After he had become successful in the | | | | |army, he was assigned to establish a new colony, Georgia, in 1732. | | | | |This was the last English colony to be founded in America. | | | | | | | General Social/Cultural Information Problems of early settlement – Jamestown, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay: Jamestown- difficult to produce harvest in the virginian soil spent all of their time looking for gold when they should have been preparing for survival had disputes with natives over land Plymouth- the settlers arrived at the very beginning of winter there was such a severity of food shortage that people resorted to cannibalism. Massachusetts Bay- most succumbed to disease or starvation Religion – ideas, important people and events: The colonies were mostly that of Puritans, Quakers, and Anglicans. Social ideas: If a man was absent from church, he would not be given his provisions for the week. For multiple offenses he could be whipped, or even hanged. Major cities: Philadelphia, New Amsterdam (changed to New York in 1674), Albany, Boston, Newport, Jamestown, Williamsburg, Annapolis, Charleston, Savannah, Providence, Baltimore, and Alexandria Labor: Law/politics/major steps toward democracy: Economic issues/relations with Britain: (define mercantilism) Problems a.Health: people often died of starvation or malnourishment. Disease also spread rapidly in the colonies. b.Cities: settlers had to develop their own form of government that was acceptable to the people of the colony. Indians (New England Indian Wars of 17th century): Both the Europeans and the Native Americans had a sense of superiority over  each other. This of course resulted in many disputes over things such as land. The New England Indian Wars of the 17th century include the French and Indian War of 1688-1763. These battles were a struggle for land and power, and resulted in the near-death of the indigenous tribes of eastern North America. Rebellions against authority: (Bacon’s, Leisler’s, Paxton Boys, Regulators, Pope’s) Bacon: In the New England Indian Wars of the 17th century, Nathaniel Bacon, Jr. rebelled against the authority of Governor of Virginia Sir William Berkley. After Bacon began his own group of volunteer Indian fighters and raiding a couple Indian camps, he was taken by Berkley’s men and made to appologize to Berkley and the council for his actions. After immediately being pardonned, Bacon demanded to be named a General in the forces against the â€Å"hostile natives†. Reluctantly, Berkley g ave in. The Enlightenment/Great Awakening: French and Indian War/Seven Years War (1754 – 1763)—For any war that we study, you should gather the following information. This will NOT be repeated on each outline. Major cause(s) (incl. â€Å"spark†): The French and Indian War resulted from ongoing frontier tensions in North America as both French and British imperial officials and colonists sought to extend each country’s sphere of influence in frontier regions. Major people/heroes (and what they did): William Johnson- He was one of the most successful negotiators with the Native Americans. Later he would lead the British to victory in the Battle of Lake George in 1755. William Pitt- Pitt assumed leadership of the British ministry in December 1756. His aggressive new policies for the war were a crucial part of turning the tide in Britain’s favor in the latter half of the war. James Wolfe- Major British general who led the British to victory in the Battle of Quebec. Major events (incl. turning point & concluding battles): May 28, 1754 George Washington lead a successful surprise attack on the French. His troops retreat and establish Fort Necessity. July 3, 1754 The French take Fort Necessity June 17, 1755 The British seize Acadia May 8, 1756 Britain declares war on France August 8, 1757 The commander-in-chief of the French forces, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm takes Fort William Henry. The infamous massacre occurs. The turning point began when William Pitt took over wartime operations Advantages/disadvantages of each side: France had the support of most of the Native American tribes. New France’s government was more uniform, and was able to communicate to different areas more efficiently. While the colonies were more separate and had issues with communication, their navy was much stronger and had a population 15 times that of New France, so it was easier for the British to defend attack. The French kept most of their forces in Europe, hoping a victory closer to home would be more beneficial. They sent barely any troops or supplies to their colonies. The British were almost always able to effectively blockade ports and prevent the trade and distribution of French trade and supplies. In The French and Indian War there were 13,000 casualties and 40 million Pounds were spent. G. Results (treaties, land changes, PERMITS): The French and Indian War resulted in The Treaty of Paris. Ap Us History Outline. (2016, Mar 17). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Research Type Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Type - Essay Example Grounded theory is based on symbolic interactionism; wherein behavior develops through mingling and association with others in a process composed of negotiation and renegotiation (Morse and Field, 1996). It opposes the notion of average behavior and static reaction to symbols. Phenomenology studies behavior in the context of the individual’s experience (Morse and Field, 1996). Compared with grounded theory, phenomenological research supposes that meanings and behaviors are more internally controlled rather than a result of outside influence. Both methods require the generation of huge amounts of data because of the individualistic (phenomenology) and interaction-based (grounded theory) approach that it takes and both are essential to Nursing research because a patient’s reaction to a health care practice is influenced by both internal and external factors. Managing and organizing qualitative data for analysis is needed so as to make a coherent and relevant research. One way of handling large volumes of data is by categorizing each paper or resource and coding them so as to make it easier to find a particular resource when needed. Qualitative research analysis software (i.e. Nvivo) can also be used to index and sort massive amounts of information for quicker access. The use of online data bases can also be harnessed because these data bases are already organized and streamlined so analysis will be more efficient. (Polit and Beck,

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 13

Strategic Management - Essay Example Increase in vehicles in developing countries like Asia, Africa, Latin America regions overtakes the demand in US, Western Europe & Japan. China is the largest market in international market as the country develops as economic superpower in manufacture & fixed investing activity hub. Market develops in India, Thailand, Taiwan & Russia. Sales increases with good economic conditions & high income levels which lead to growth in manufacturing activity, boosting combined with the demand in bearing market. Australia & Canada is the most intensive user of bearing products which reflects the advanced industrial & technically nature of the economies. As bearing industry is rapidly increasing in the global market, developing countries like Russia, Japan etc, are importing the bearing products. Countries of Asia Pacific regions call for 42% of the total demand in the international market. Hence, in future also, bearing industry will be growing in the other developing regions of the world. Political - In political terms, bearing industry like Indian bearing industry collaborated with SKF so that the bearings made at India are exported to SKF and specialized bearings which are not manufactured in India are imported through the other industries. Without the bearing Industry, automobile sectors & industrial sectors will be at a loss. Due to the collaboration, friendly atmosphere develops between the nations. Economical - Duty rates are reduced therefore many countries like China, Russia, Eastern Europe dump their production at a low rate due to which price differs in local & international market by about 40-50%, which encourages imports. Demand of bearings in international market is projected to rise about 5% annually to about $ 40 billion in the year 2010. Technological - There are various types of bearings and technology to equip depends on the type of bearings. Specialized type of bearings is not manufactured in India

Using the media 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Using the media 6 - Assignment Example In order to influence public opinion and as a nurse, I would use the media to apply pressure and advance the public policy issue. This would serve as a way of marshaling the constituents. Additionally, in order to communicate the public policy issue through the media, the message to be conveyed would need to be framed to make the information understandable by the public (Mason et al., 2011). The media can also be ineffective if the messages are conveyed to the wrong target group. It is at this point that I would determine the target group or audience for the communication. The social networking media can be effective means of communicating the public policy issue. A message passed through any of the social media sites and websites such as Facebook, Twitter and blogs can be weighty (Anderson & Puckrin, 2011). Therefore, it would be effective to have a post in all social networking websites and blogs on the current state of the policy issue, and an expounded state of the policy issue a nd comments of a policy maker in an opinion editorial. However, although social networking websites may be helpful in conveying useful information, there are numerous concerns that need to be considered (Miller, 2011). These include privacy and confidentiality of information. Patient confidentiality and privacy is an essential issue that continues to be violated by social media users (Anderson & Puckrin, 2011). It would be ethically and professionally wrong for a nurse to expose patient information without their

Stuttering and the Brain Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stuttering and the Brain - Term Paper Example Also the auditory cortex remains affected where the action remains low as compared to the cortex of non-stammerers. Moreover, researchers have also drawn connections between the functioning of the brain to produce speech and stammering which indicates the patterns of slow speech and the processes behind the distorted speech. On one hand where processes in certain parts of the brain are slowed down, on the other hand other parts of the brain become hyperactive for instance, the Valsalva Manuever. However, the proposition that stammering results from poor parenting, or causes other problems such as grammar or language tasks is merely a myth. Moreover, career choices for stutterers remain low as compared to those not suffering from this syndrome. For instance, a career as an aircraft pilot isn’t suitable for a stutterer since they won`t be able to handle situations under pressure and the lives of many people would be at stake, as even a minor miscommunication due to stammering wi ll lead towards major chaos. Stuttering or stammering is a condition found in some of the people where they aren’t able to cope up with the normal speech and either the speed is slowed down or in the quest for catching up with the normal speed they miss out on words or distort the pronunciation of various words (Mowrer 1980). This created a barrier in normal communication which, if not treated properly, severs with time and creates other disorders, including lack of confidence and inability to perform in pressure situations. Due to the intensity and complexity of the issue, people from various fields are trying to dig up into the causes behind the problems in order to find convenient and effective solutions. One of the most reliable discovery in this matter however is that the stuttering is found to be affecting men more than it effects women (Williams 2006). Moreover, various experiments have allowed the researchers to come up with a clearer picture regarding

American or Anti-American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American or Anti-American - Essay Example them to shun violence and sit at the negotiating table .This pushed him to the forefront of the anarchist movement, which led him to lose not only his job but had also got him blacklisted. In order to support her family, Lucy opened a tailoring shop, where she sometimes hosted meetings with her friend Lizzie Swank, for the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). Soon she was writing for The Socialist and The Alarm, an anarchist weekly published by the International Working Peoples Association (IWPA), which she and Albert had helped found in 1883. The most famous of Lucy Parson’s editorials, published on October 4th, 1884, in the American Group of the International Working People’s Association’s (IWPA) first issue of The Alarm, titled â€Å"A Word to Tramps†, which Parsons herself described as â€Å"a word to the 30,000 now ramping the streets of this great city† was a landmark call to the working class to do away with the exploitative capitalist system. She urged the labor class to reclaim their ‘rightful share of their hard work’: (Lucy Parsons, Oct. 4th, 1884) Explaining how the system worked Lucy stated, â€Å"In all those years of drudgery do you not know you have produced thousands upon thousands of dollars’ worth of wealth, which you did not then, do not now, and unless you ACT, never will, own any part in?...[C]an you not see that the â€Å"good boss† or the â€Å"bad boss† cuts no figure whatever? That you are the common prey of both, and that their mission is simple robbery? Can you not see that it is the industrial system and not the â€Å"boss† which must be changed? (Lucy Parsons, Oct. 4th, 1884) Lucy Parsons was a firm advocate of the theory, that power should reside in the hands of the workers and until this objective was achieved, she insisted on violent strikes, use of explosives, as well as direct action, in order to wrest power from the capitalist classes. During the Chicago Hunger Demonstrations in January 1915, she made a

E-Commerce and Edmunds.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-Commerce and Edmunds.com - Essay Example "All too often, many of us go to the dealer with the idea that we'll get the best deal for our money, only to be tricked and manipulated into paying more or buying a model that we don't want. In tact, African Americans consistently overpay--an average of $315 more than other car purchasers--according to a study done of 750,000 actual purchases in 1999 and early 2000 by the National Bureau of Economic Research" (Jackson, Car Buying 101: Buying a New Car in a Few Simple Steps, 2004: 195). The above mentioned statement automatically shows the importance of a website that provides a service through which a customer would buy a car that he/she wants and that with the terms decided, and there when the importance of Edmunds.com is identified, Edmunds.com includes all the data on the new and used cars, from features to the prices of cars, from test drive videos to the tips to maintain such cars, almost every thing appears on the website, including the ways through which "you" can become car's owner, it includes ownership plans, the leasing and all useful material. Few good features of the company include the information through the wireless edmunds.com, the site know as Edmunds2Go!, which is accesible through the PDAs and internet enabled cell phones, another benefit the visitors get is that the company circulates free email newsletters to its voluntary subscribers, another most thrilling feature that is used by the edmunds.com in the most impressive way is its true market value pricing tools, actually launched in the year 2000, "The Edmunds.com True Market Value New Vehicle Calculator provides the estimated average price consumers are currently paying when buying new vehicles. The Edmunds.com True Market Value Used Vehicle Appraiser estimates the actual transaction prices for used vehicles bought and sold by dealers and private parties" ( from Wikipedia, free encyclopedia). So it is the best what company can provide with in its limit to the visitors, the best outcome of launching such tool is that, people from all around the world now log in to find the actual prices of cars all around the world, it is perhaps the best service an automotive website can provide, it is considered to be the most innovative idea by the web operators to bring such a change in the website, the other such online services and tools include TMV new vehicle calculator which estimates the price that the buyers are paying to the dealer for the ownership of new vehicles, TMV finance rate estimator which gives the idea of how much of loan can be obtained and what is in relation to it and the ownership of car, Edmunds.com has another feature added recently which shows how much it would cost if the buyer would buy a car in full terms ownership, it is known as True Cost to Own SM data. The company has offered services not only

The life of Zora Neale Hurston Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The life of Zora Neale Hurston - Research Paper Example In 1917, she enrolled in Morgan academy found in Maryland with the help of her former employer. After her graduation, she joined Howard University where she studied for one and a half years and secured a scholarship that saw her transfer to Barnard College for a degree course. Between 1928 and 1932, she studied human culture at Columbia University. In 1936, she got a Guggenheim Fellowship award for travelling and collecting folklore in the British West Indies and Haiti (Boyd 35). Throughout her life, Zora engaged in a number of jobs alongside her writing. She served as a secretary while working with Fannie Hurst (1889–1968); she later became a writer in paramount and Warner brother’s studios. She also worked as a librarian with the library of congress and finally as a drama tutor at North Carolina Collage for Negroes. Zora most celebrated work include her novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† written in 1937, her collection of American folklore that included Tell My Horse (1939) and Mules and Men (1935). Zora worked on three other novels: Moses, Man of the Mountain (1939), a retell of the Mosaic biblical allegory in an African perspective, Seraph on the Suwanee (1948), a story of woman experience in love; and Jonahs Gourd Vine (1934), an autobiography of her father. Hurston met a number of people who significantly shaped her carrier life, this include notable African American writers such as Langston Hughes, Arna Bontemps and Jessie Fauset, all of whom belonged to the renown New Negro movement that was later change to Harlem Renaissance. Like many other writers, Hurston has her own critics. One of them is Darwin Turner who suggested that she was a "quick-tempered woman, arrogant toward her peers, obsequious toward her supposed superiors, desperate for recognition and reassurance to assuage her feelings of inferiority" (1979). Clearly, Zora was a

Market Equilibrium Process Essay Example for Free

Market Equilibrium Process Essay Relate the concepts of the market equilibrating process in the Weeks One and Two readings and learning activities to a prior real-world experience occurring in a free market. The experience does not necessarily have to be work related. Explain the market equilibrating process in relation to your experience. Include academic research to support your ideas. Consider the following components in your explanation: †¢ Law of demand and the determinants of demand †¢ Law of supply and the determinants of supply †¢ Efficient markets theory †¢ Surplus and shortage Use University of Phoenix Material: Appendix A to create graphs illustrating the equilibrating process in price relation to the shift in supply and demand. Deliver the content as a 350- to 500-word paper, 7- to 10-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation, 2- to 3-minute video, or 1-page comic strip illustration. http://academicwritingtips.org/component/k2/item/932-market-equilibrium-process.html Market equilibrium refers to the selling price â€Å"where the intentions of buyers and sellers match†. This means that the quantity sellers are willing to sell at a particular price matches the quantity buyers are willing to purchase at that same price, or, in other words, where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. A surplus results when the price is too high (quantity supplied is more than consumers are willing to buy) and a shortage occurs when the price is too low (quantity demanded is more than quantity supplied). The equilibrium price changes when there is a shift in either supply or demand. The market is made up of two basic groups, households and businesses. These two units buy and sell goods and services from and to each other. The market system uses competition among buyers and sellers to regulate the price of available goods and services. Theoretically, this insures that no one buyer or seller will be able to monopolize the market because others can c ome in and undercut the price. Supply and demand are affected by changes in consumer preferences, number of buyers in the market, consumers’ incomes, the prices of related goods, and consumer expectations. The economy is currently in a recession, or depression depending on whom you ask, that has greatly affected these determinants of demand. Many industries and individual consumers have seen a steep decline in income due to this market low period. The recession has had a significant affect on the construction industry in which this author currently works. There is currently a surplus of commercial and residential properties on the market. This surplus discourages businesses from starting new construction projects. This has led to businesses reducing their workforces which has in turn led to consumers reducing their spending and has become a circle of lower buying and selling. The construction industry was not the only one affected by this cycle. Nearly all industries that depend on consumers discretionary funds, those not spent on necessities, were affected. Large manufacturers that have been around forever went bankrupt and small companies everywhere  suffered the same fate. The United States economy is market based. Sellers and consumers are free to trade in any way that works for them with relatively little interference from government. This system allows the price of products and services to be set by supply and demand and determines the allocation of limited resources. Suppliers and consumers are connected in a circle of buying and selling, and when there is a major shift in the economy all can be affected. References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete this line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry. http://www.e-m-h.org/introduction.html http://www.healthmr.com/resources/newsletter-archive/1011-fa-3-ways-to-increase-revenues-in-home-health-and-hospice http://academicwritingtips.org/component/k2/item/932-market-equilibrium-process.html http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/165/6/750 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand

Evergreen Investment Essay Example for Free

Evergreen Investment Essay Case Summary This case talks about an American mutual fund company that was facing problems  ·with its CRM system. Sales agents felt that they derived little value from it and also it was time consuming. The company is investigating if it could solve this problem by introducing mobile CRM to be accessed wirelessly on blackberry devices. But what are the key factors that have contributed to the success of mobile CRM initiative at Evergreen? Evergreen investments’ background Evergreen investments are the America’s 25th largest asset management company and 32nd largest investment management in the world. It is headquartered in Boston and Charlotte. The company entrusted with $250 billion in assets, over 350 investment professionals and over 3 million investors. CRM in the past In the past, the company use company-supplied laptops to gain access to CRM system, send Emails to customs and expend reporting and commission tracking. At the same time, the company use mobile phones to give their customs a voice call. Scheduling client calls is another way to build a link with customs. It include informal face-to-face meet. And also, client calls can make company knows the actual sales pitch, discuss market topics with customs, meet new faces and call back-up for data. At last, company update any information in CRM, and participate in evergreen conference call at fixed period. Issues in the past Although the company uses CRM to gain some success, their issues still exist. On the one hand, this method required too much time. The company needs to dial up the Internet, using multiple passwords and entering lengthy data, all of which are time consuming. On the other hand, some information is unavailable when they needed. More specifically, when the company meets the customer, laptops were unavailable. Moreover, the company required the use of internal sales consultant to help them handle the business with customers. At last, entry CRM is not easy, the company usually required 1 day per week and sometimes data is unreliable. Mobile CRM In order to improve the CRM system, the company introduces mobile CRM to be accessed wirelessly on blackberry devices. Blackberry main menu allows for easy access to CRM. Its clicking track wheel allows drill down into any sales number. Initial screens display YTD, MTD, previous day’s sales, or large orders. It enables more detailed data, reports, customer information, and other tasks. Detailed customer screens show single customer information including contact details and sales summary. On the basis of this mobile CRM, the Evergreen Investments’ design greatly improved and the productivity increased as well. The key factors to success The success of the company using mobile CRM due to three factors, easy to use, reliability and updated. More specifically, using the simple method can build an easy way to contact between customers and company. It also makes the company more effective in terms of CRM. In addition, the CRM system should be reliability for both customers and company, which resulting a trusted relationship between customers and company. At last, the company should update their data about their customers. The updated progress should be easy and fast. Potential threats Even if the company uses mobile CRM with an exact way, they may face some potential threats as well. People do not need to come to office, they just need a mobile phone and work wherever they want, which could lead to the low efficiency. They need to handle the relation between family and work. And also this kind of work pattern is not easy for managers to manage their company.

Virgin on the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci

Virgin on the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci Featured in this gallery are the two versions of The Virgin of the Rocks (also known as The Madonna of the Rocks). These two altarpieces are being showcased in particular in this exhibition because they share a location in the same Milanese church, the San Francesco Grande, and most importantly the same artist (although this has been debated), Leonardo Da Vinci, painted both versions of the altarpiece. Further, another reason why they are being portrayed in this exhibition is due to the debates over their authenticity, even though they are 15 years apart in conception. Additionally, the two pieces share the same subject matter, imagery, iconography and pyramidal composition. In both altarpieces, the subject matter is unusual since the Biblical figures are placed in a mountainous pictorial backdrop; also, both paintings depicted were made for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. These two pieces were further chosen because they incorporate many stylistic features such as s fumatto (blurring of lines) and the exploitation of the gradation of light (chiaroscuro) that the painter had accumulated and learnt from previous experiments, and which he then applied in this peak period of his career. The two versions of the Virgin of the Rocks also represent the artists continuous growth in the art of Italian Renaissance; The Virgin of the Rocks set the base for Leonardo Da Vinci to grow and mature as an artist in his two following infamous commissions, the Last Supper, and the Mona Lisa. The two altarpieces share the same iconography of the plants painted. Leonardo Da Vinci was a botanist just as much as he was an engineer, or an artist. He paid close attention to details; for these paintings, rather than looking at images of the plants, he looked at the plants in real, and painted from there. The plants depicted in the paintings have been chosen because they symbolize and represent religious meanings. According to the biographer, Charles Nicholl: the columbine suggests the dove of the Holy Ghost, the cyclamen below Christ have heart shaped leaves which make it an emblem of love and devotion, and by his knee is a basal rosette of primrose, an emblem of virtue. Kneeling below St. John is the acanthus, considered to be a symbol of the resurrection because of its rapid growth; the hypericum which has small dots of red on yellow petals represents the blood of the martyred St. John. Other hidden symbols are religious in nature: the water, pearls and the crystal, which are used to fasten Marys robe, are symbols of her purity. This would make the connection with the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Further, the stone formations, eroded by natural forces are a metaphor for Mary, pointing towards her unexpected, virtuous fertility. Da Vinci wanted the viewer to feel as if they were seeing material Nature spiritually transmuted. In both versions of the altarpiece, Leonardo Da Vinci portrayed the Virgin together with the infant Christ and St. John, and with an angel. They have been placed amongst a rocky backdrop or a grotto. It is the setting of the Biblical figures against this pictorial background that gives the altarpiece its title, the Virgin of the Rocks. The Virgin has been placed in the center of the composition dressed in a blue garment. By having the Virgin as the focal point, the other figures have been placed in a pyramidal composition. Further, the Biblical figures are interconnected not only via the pyramidal composition but also via subtle glances and gestures. The rocky backdrop has caused some debate, as they are different in the style of the brushstrokes. According to the geologist, Anne Pizzorusso, Da Vinci has not painted the second version of the altarpiece, because the rocks which he would have been familiar with because of his obsession with nature have been painted incongruently in c omparison to the first version. Other than these evident similarities between the two versions of the altarpieces, there are also many significant differences between them. To start, both pieces are not in their original locations anymore. The first version is now in the Louvre in Paris, and the second version is currently in the National Gallery in London. Further differences lay in the iconographic and stylistic details of the paintings, which aid in making them individually significant and unique. Further, these differences in details are what raise the debate about authenticity whether Da Vinci was responsible for either painting, or just the first version currently in the Louvre. To extrapolate, if it were Leonardo Da Vinci who painted both, the altarpieces should share the same stylistic features, such as that of exploiting the use of light, which they do not. This raises the hypothesis of Leonardo not being the sole artist for the second version of the altarpiece. Rather, he most likely got help from his tw o Milanese assistants, the brothers Ambrogio and Evangelista de Predis, as evident in some aspects of the painting. The first version of the altarpiece is generally considered superior as revealing the more mature Leonardo Da Vinci than the second version. Hanging in the Louvre, the first version is thought to be solely by Leonardo Da Vinci, whereas the second is seen as overseen by the artist but having received assistance. Both paintings also share a different mood: where the Louvre version is vibrant, the National Gallery version is more austere; The different mood of the second version may be due to the numerous hands of multiple artists on the painting. Through further analysis of these criteria the symbolic iconography, stylistic techniques and the debate over their authenticity- we will see that although each altarpiece is unique and mysterious it is still intertwined with the other. Leonardo Da Vinci, Virgin of the Rocks, 1452-1519, oil on wood/panel transferred to canvas, 78in x 48.5in In the early 1480s, artists in Milan were beginning to finally prosper and were coming into the city from the rest of Italy due to its growing wealth and Ludovico Sforzas encouragement. Numerous artists were attempting to get commissions from the court; at the time, the most prominent artist and painter was Donato Bramante, who achieved success with his design of St. Peters Basilica in Rome. He was crowned as an architect of the court after he secured his architectural commission for the Basilica. Even though Bramante secured his position as the courts architect, Da Vinci did not give up and continued to toil in his early years in Milan to receive the title of the courts painter. Five or six years elapsed before the Sforza court recognized Da Vincis talent. It was with his first employment at court that Da Vincis career as a painter in Milan started off; the confraternity of the Immaculate Conception commissioned him for the Virgin of the Rocks, making this altarpiece his first artwo rk in Milan. With this altarpiece, Da Vinci took risks that worked to his benefit, by attempting to incorporate new ideas, and by introducing new themes to the art field. Before this altarpiece, the Virgin and Child were usually placed within an interior setting of a church or a chapel. Therefore, the altarpiece is emblematic of the flourishing of his career, as placing the Virgin and Child amongst a natural setting was a new theme in Italian Renaissance art. As with all other altarpieces, Da Vinci had to agree to a contract for the altarpiece, which was dated at April 25, 1483. According to the contract, the patrons asked for a triptych with the Virgin and Child in the midst of a host of angels attended by two prophets, while the side panels were to feature four angels each, singing or playing musical instruments. Although contracts are written in stone, and followed, Da Vinci diverged from the clients specifications. Apart from the Virgin and Child, none of the other requirements are met. The composition is comprised of the Virgin, the infant Christ, one angel, no prophets, and an unstipulated infant St. John, a divine quartet organized by a pyramidal structure with the Virgins head at the vertex; the side panels are also deficient, having only one angel each. The Virgins right arm is draped over the shoulder of St. John, and her left hand poised over the figure of the infant Christ. On the lower right portion of the panel, the kneelin g angel is pointing toward St. John. Other than the subject matter, the contract also specified details concerning the composition and choice of colours, which Da Vinci did not completely adhere to: Our Lady is at the center, her cloak [is to] be of gold brocade and ultramarine blueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the gownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦gold brocade and crimson lake, in oilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the lining of the cloakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦gold brocade and green, in oilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Also, the seraphim done in sgrafitto workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Also God the Father [is] to have a cloak of gold brocade and ultramarine blue. The mountains and rocks shall be worked in oil, in a colourful manner. A possible reason for this may be that Da Vinci was already working on some kind of painting, and just carried on with the composition regardless of the details of the contract. This may be because the deadline allowed them only 9 months, so to save time; Da Vinci may have taken this path to complete the painting on time. The Virgin is depicted as a young woman in this version of the altarpiece. The introspective solemnity that Da Vinci used to express the Madonna in his earlier works (The Adoration of the Magi, The Benois Madonna) develops delicately and gracefully, making evident Da Vincis concern with the intermingling of spiritual and devotional qualities with human feelings of tenderness in the Virgin in this altarpiece. Although there are inconsistencies with the Virgins face, such as in the bulging slanted eyes, the outline of the face of the Virgin has been regularized and lengthened (in comparison to his previous attempts to drawing Virgins), giving Her a more naturally unified appearance. A stylistic feature that develops from this starting point is the artists new treatment of light. In the present altarpiece, light exists and an independent and mobile part of nature. The surfaces of the painting vibrate gently through the subtle interpenetration and gradation of lights and shadows. Therefo re, by using the technique he used to exploit the quality of light, he was able to achieve the tranquil, fluent, delicate, and tender emotions conveyed by the Virgins face. The angel in the painting is compelling and looks out at the viewer. The goal of placing the angel in such a way was to use the angel to catch the viewers attention, and to draw it to the center of the painting specifically towards St. John- by means of pointing his finger. The pointing of the finger has many other functions other than to point out the infant St. John: it fills the interval and clarifies the vertical accent that result from the foreshortened hand of the Virgin, which she extends to crown the Christ Child. This helps to reestablish the prominence that Christ is in danger of losing by his subordinate location in the composition. Leonardo Da Vinci was highly influenced by Verrocchio, his trainer, and by Flemish styles and techniques. These influences are evident in the infant Christ and St. John, whom are in round and fleshy forms. The infants have been directly taken from Donatello and Verrocchios sculptural style. Da Vinci continued to take from his early predecessors and teachers, and apply their stylistic forms to his works. Version 2: The second version of the Virgin of the Rocks is the painting that had to be created due to a lawsuit against the previous version of the altarpiece. The patrons bestowed a lawsuit on the previous altarpiece because it had not been completed within the timeframe given to them of 9 months. While the lawsuit was in progress (lasted for 10 years), the Confraternity asked for another painting, which would follow the same contract; thus the second version of the Virgin of the Rocks was born. The fact that Da Vinci was not able to complete the first version was not surprising, because he had difficulties meeting deadlines a childhood problem that matured with him into his adulthood. The second version was commissioned to be painted for the same chapel of San Francesco Grande in Milan. Due to many inconsistencies throughout the painting, there have been debates on whether Da Vinci painted the altarpiece wholly. Many scholars believe that due to the lack of attention paid to the exploitatio n of light, the different moods and due to the changes in the softness of lines, Da Vinci received help from his assistants Ambrogio and Evangelista de Predis. The Virgin of the second version of the Virgin of the Rocks is in most ways facial features, arrangement of hair, and set of her head similar to the previous version in the Louvre. Although Da Vinci usually does not repeat himself in this way, it may have been necessary because the London painting was meant to replace the Paris painting in the ancona of the Confraternity. The Virgin in the second version of the altarpiece looks older because her facial forms are heavier and larger, and she has a serious expression. The Virgin in this altarpiece is also much more voluminous, occupying a greater area of the panel; lacks crispness and spontaneity in execution. Further, the Virgins drab and lusterless hair and sharp-edged forms, the mechanical way light and shade are distributed in separate areas, the loss of radiance in the light and the loss of the atmospheric veil suggest that the Virgin was not painting by Da Vinci, but by Ambrogio de Predis. The head of the angel may be the only part of the altarpiece where Da Vincis artistic hand is evident, although it was not solely him responsible for it. It has some of his vivacity and sensitivity of handling, and the spotted light over the delicate curls in the angels hair is surely his invention. Ambrogio de Predis hand is evident in the head of the angel as well, as there is a lack of crispness in the facial expression. In this altarpiece, the angel is no longer pointing to the infant St. John. This collaboration between the two artists is clearly identifiable and comparable to the first version in which Da Vinci was the single artist.

Alzheimer’s Disease Essay examples -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory, cognitive and non-cognitive functions. Studies show that most cases of Alzheimer’s disease pertains to people who are 60 years of age or older; meanwhile, 80% of these cases are due to genetics. The risk of one having Alzheimer’s disease varies with their age and ethnicity. That being said, some elders are obtaining this disease in very late life, nearing their 90’s. The gene that is usually responsible for Alzheimer ’s disease (AD) is the Apolipoprotein E (APOE gene) which gets its name from encoding for the protein Apolipoprotein. It is on chromosome 19 and has three main alleles on the gene that seem to be responsible for this disease. They are: ÃŽ µ2, containing cysteine at position 112 and arginine at position 158 of the gene, ÃŽ µ3 containing cysteine at both 112 and 158 positions, and ÃŽ µ4 containing arginine at both 112 and 158 positions of the gene. The APOE ÃŽ µ4 allele is the disease’s most prevalent allele. The APOE ÃŽ µ4 allele is the disease’s most prevalent allele. The function of this gene is to regulate cholesterol and triglyceride metabolisms. This shows it is not only coincidental that high cholesterol and diabetes lead to late-onset Alzheimer’s. The APOE ÃŽ µ4 allele was tested and discovered to be so dangerous in 1993. Since, many more studies have been completed on this allele and it has been known to be the main cause of Alzheimer’s disease. Once all the human genotype was known after using the Human Genome Project, a microarray system used to study over 80 percent of the Caucasian genome for association signals called the 500K GeneChip from Affymetrix was created. This microarray kit was used to confirm that using high-density single nuc... ...sion, the results point researchers in the right direction proving that late on-set Alzheimer’s is very closely related to this APOE locus, especially the ÃŽ µ4 allele. Further studies may also show that this allele will likely contribute to other diseases as well. With the use of ultra-high density genome, further associations will be made regarding the link between late on-set Alzheimer’s and the APOE locus. Works Cited Coon, Keith D. Ph.D.; Amanda J. Myers, Ph.D.; David W. Craig, Ph.D.; Jennifer A. Webster, B.A.; John V. Pearson, B.Sc.; Diane Hu Lince, Ph.D.; Victoria L. Zismann, M.S.; Thomas G. Beach, M.D.; Doris Leung, M.D. â€Å"A High-Density Whole-Genome Association Study Reveals That APOE Is the Major Susceptibility Gene for Sporadic Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease.† Physicians Post Graduate Press. J Clin Psychiatry 68:4, April 2007: 613-618. (Print)

Hamlet and Laertes: Pawns of the King :: Essays Papers

Hamlet and Laertes: Pawns of the King 1 In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet [Titles] the actions of Laertes and Hamlet are the focal point of the play. They are the sons of major characters who must have grown up together in Elsinore castle, and known each other for years. Laertes warns his sister Ophelia about continuing a relationship with Hamlet because of his royal obligations. The tragic deaths of their father’s [No '] forces them both to seek revenge at all costs. They learn that pursuing revenge is a dark way to travel and it cost them their lives. 2 Hamlet and Laertes are both close and loving sons. The emotional outbreak of shock from Hamlet as his father’s ghost told of his most unnatural murder (Act 1 Scene 5 Line 25). [Frag -1] His father’s ghost had confirmed Hamlet’s suspicions (Act 1 Scene 5 Line 42). Hamlet seems to have a deep[ly] felt loss for his father that can only come from love for his father. The love for his father is twisted later by rage. Laertes is much loved by Polonius, as he leaves for his ship back to France, Polonius gives him a torrent of fatherly advice and his love (Act 1 Scene 3 Lines 55-80). [CS -1] Polonius and Ophelia give him a warm good-bye: they are a close family. 3 Ophelia is a point of contention for both Hamlet and Laertes. Hamlet has been attracted to Ophelia and she to him (Act 1 Scene 3 Line 100). Ophelia is very much attracted to Hamlet and has been told by Polonius to discourage him. Laertes loves Ophelia as a sister and warns her of Hamlet’s show of affection toward her, reminding her of his royal role (Act 1 Scene 3 Lines 10-42). Hamlet and Laertes care for the girl[,] and her feelings for both of them are dangerous for her. Ophelia’s mind is torn apart by Hamlet’s rage against his mother as he turned his frustration on her, telling her to get herself to a nunnery (Act 3 Scene 1 Line 120). The sight of Ophelia’s madness when he returned, melts Laertes’s heart and deepens his need for revenge (Act 4 Scene 6 Line 185). 4 Laertes[,] as Polonius’s son[,] could not imagine being disloyal to the king.

Schindlers lost Essay -- essays research papers

Shindler's List Schindlers List "Memory is all we have, and when the memories are dreadful- when they hold images of the pain we have suffered or, perhaps inflicted- they are what we are try to escape" (Corliss 110). Steven Spielberg captures the audience in this critically acclaimed movie about the Holocaust. Schindlers List is a movie made to induce the mind into the unknown, the horrors of World War II. David Ansen states "Schindlers List plunges us into the nightmare of the Holocaust with newsreel-like urgency- and amazing restraint" (Newsweek 113). Spielberg brings out all emotions in recapturing this monstrous time period. Schindlers List is about Oskar Schindler, a German Nazi who uses the Jews to make money off the war. At the beginning of the movie Schindler is portrayed as a womanizer, gambler, and heavy drinker. He becomes friends with some top Nazi officials to better himself. As the movie progresses Schindler begins to produce war materials using the Jews as a labor force. As he sits back and watches the various actions of the Nazis he begins to question his morals. His accountant, Itzhak Stern, begins making a list of around 1200 Jews. These Jews were to come and work in Schindlers' factory. When Germany surrendered all of the Nazis were to be hunted. Many Jews thanked him and all of the workers wrote a letter explaining Schindlers' actions. Also, a gold ring was given to him inscribed, "Whoever saves one life saves the world entire" (Talmud). Schindler said good-bye to his workers and fled. Only now the Jews are liberated to have nowhere to go and nowhere to leave. Many great directors concentrate on dialogue, scenery, and plat; however, Spielberg stresses the importance of camera angles and the effect of black and white film, scenes and characters, on viewers in Schindlers List. With his outstanding work on camera angles, Steven Spielberg holds the audience at breath while waiting for the next scene. Spielberg uses a hand held came ra to grasp the effects. David Denby explains how the use of a handheld camera is much more accurate. "The camera keeps moving [†¦] moving fast, chasing corners and up stairways [†¦]." Spielberg makes the movie look "like and advertent look of newsreel footage" (1282). Life magazine quoted Spielberg discussing the image of Amon Goeth sunbathing. A man named Raymon... ...s that there is mass murdering going on. By looking on the walls at the shadows, the sights seen are atrocious. These shadows came from the black and white color of the film. So what caused the Holocaust? Many agree the main factor was indifference. "Schindler's List is about the triumph of the human spirit over sadism and degradation, indifference and silence" (Rader 6). Oskar Schindler saved 1200 Jews. Today more than 6000 Jews are descendants of the Schindler Jews. Spielberg ends the movie with the Schindler Jews placing stones on Schindler's grave. The movie is now in color to remind the audience that there is still mourning going on for the Holocaust victims. Someone who was dedicated to recreating an awful historical event could only do this movie. Steven Spielberg, a Jew himself, never believed he could make it through the movie. He too believed that the black and white made the movie easier to bear with, and gave it a more realistic viewpoint. "The movie en ds with the final message "Whoever saves one life, saves the world entire." This message is true. Spielberg has constructed this movie as an educational film, so that it may never happen again.

My Best Vacation Ever

My best vacation ever was my first trip to Disneyland. Something that I have always dreamt about was about to come true. First we researched ticket prices. We found a great price on So Cal City passes including three theme parks. The next step for us was finding a place to stay. All hotels were booked around the Disneyland park. We found a great deal 20 minutes away. Our trip was booked. We were counting down the days, looking for landmarks along the drive, and restaurants on a budget we never tried. I would Like to tell you about my best vacation ever. As we entered Disneyland we were amazed.The park opened October 5, 1955 and was built In 365 days but It look brand new. As we walked down main street towards the castle, we could smell all the concessions, because they pump smells throughout the park. The castle looked closer than It really was, this was because of a force perspective In the buildings on Mall Street. As your exiting It looks much larger. Also the buildings are design ed to look bigger than they actually are. While standing in line for various rides, we searched Disneyland secrets. We found out that there is a quarter of a basketball court and ping pong table inside the top third of the Mattering.This is a break room for employees only. When we were planning for our trip we used principle. Com After searching hotels around the park that could fit 6 people our luck ran out. The only available rooms were the parks signature hotels for $800 a night which was way out of our budget. We searched nearby and found Chase Suite Hotel twenty minutes away in Bread, California. So we booked a two bedroom suite through the hotels website at an incredible price. The rooms were amazing, and private. It was like a large apartment with a full sized kitchen and living room. I highly recommend this hotel.

Building effective technical skills

Chief operating incumbent The organization is headed by the COO. All the discussion section heads will be coverage to him. The activities of all(prenominal) subdivisions will be assessed and approved by him. 1. Legal & Statutory department This department is repre moveed by the private instructor regulatory affairs. He will take perplexity of all regulatory registrations, their renewals, their compliances, disputes arising due to non compliances, etc.teratera He will be a line of descent employee reporting to the COO. 2. Human Resources section charabanc HRD is the head of this department.He is a line employee who takes give wangle of recruitment, training, remunerations, discipline, appraisals, outsourced services, etc. An Officer- HR, a stave employee reports to the conductor HR. He takes business concern of eon office, salaries and wages, documentation, co monastic order with other departments, etc. 3. Finance section four-in-hand Finance is the head of the department. He is a line employee taking c atomic number 18 of budgeting, fund planning, taxations, accounting, auditing, etc. He is assist by an accountant, a provide employee, who takes mission of documentation, property f low, ledger maintenance, day loudness maintenance, etc.Cashier, a staff employee takes c are of billings, cash transactions, cash deposition, etc. He reports to the four-in-hand Finance. 4. gross revenue & mart placeing surgical incision Manager gross revenue & Marketing heads the department. He is a line employee taking dispense of market research, planning, promotions, advertisements, monetary fund design & set up, sales, customer feedbacks and complaints, etc Building effective technical skills 04 administrator Market Research, a line employee having a sound knowledge about the graphic symbol of book of accounts reports to Manager Sales & Marketing. He utilizes his skills to forecastcustomer requirements and diagnose an adapted product m ix from clipping to time. administrator Media is a line employee, reporting to the Manager Sales & marketing, taking care of media and magazine advertisements, promotional programs, etc. Executive Stores Operations, a line employee, reports to the manager Sales & Marketing. He is obligated for the store design, displays, maintenance, etc. He co ordinates with the register department to organize stocks. Retail sales persons are staffs reporting to the Executive Stores Operations. They take care of sales at various sales counters or sales zones.They are responsible for the packing and forwarding of the buyd books to the incliney department. 5. Inventory Department Manager Inventory heads the department. His intersect management includes procurement, warehouse management, enumeration control, etc. He co ordinates with the Manager Sales & marketing to ensure that the stock takes are keep properly. procure assistant, a staff employee reports to the Manager Inventory. H e takes care of purchase order preparations, stock receipts, inward stocks verification, surpass of damaged stocks, etc. Stores assistant reports to the Manager Inventory and he is a staff.He takes care of warehouse management, inventory control, documentation, etc. 6. Systems Department Executive Systems, is a line employee taking care of computer hardware, billing software, etc utilize by the organization. He reports to the COO. Co ordination Mechanism The co ordination implement in such a book store is as follows. The Executive Market research get outs a thorough get of the market and prepares an adapted product mix. This is sent to the Manager Inventory. The Stores assistant assesses the stock location in the book store and the warehouse. He sends a stock report to the Manager Inventory.Based on the market requirements and the stock situation, the Manager Inventory prepares the Procurement plan. He directs the Purchase assistant to conduct purchases based on the pro curement plan. This cycle repeats on a regular frequency. Comparison of a traditional book store and an online book store This is a traditional bookstore, operated by a traditional Hierarchical structure. The quantum of work tangled is more and hence a relatively higher number of employees are employed. The breeding proceeds from the top level to the bottom level through paper correspondences or broadcast communicatings.These shops are slow in adapting to the market changes. The stocks are usually built and maintained based on the market forecasts. Hence, this character of stores usually carries a large inventory and hence requires a lot of space. This has a direct impact on the financial overheads. The book stores like Barnes & Noble, amazon or Border are online bookstores since 90s. They are E enabled business concerns. They make use of the web and the Information and communication Technology (ICT). Hierarchical flow of breeding is less. The flow of information is through digital mode and fast.They usually maintain low inventories. They take the order from the customers, procure the requirements from the suppliers and deliver them to the customers directly. Their inventory carrying costs are much(prenominal) lower. The quantum of work involved is less and the flow of information is more. The savings due to the decrement in the inventory levels are passed on to the customers. References 1. Electronic Commerce Opportunities and Challenges by Syed Mahbubur Rahman, Mahesh Raisinghani 2. The E-Commerce withstand by Steffano Korper and Juanita Ellis. 3. Electronic Commerce The cutting Business Platform for the Internet by Debra Cameron

A Local Environmental Issue

Over the other(prenominal) centuries, people ingest engaged in legion(predicate) activities that brought about changes in the quality of line of credit in Metropolitan Manila, the greater metropolitan area of the metropolis of Manila, the National capital of the Philippines. These changes were introduced with the construction of cities and during the onset of the industrial Revolution. Urban construction, transportation and industrial activities up to the hold times have added new materials not unremarkably found in air.Some of these changes are proficient while others are harmful. These materials have changed the quality of the air. The air that surrounds us contains substances which could be considered examples of natural pollutants such as ashes from vol bungholeic eruptions, salt from the sea, and even pollen grains from plants. These air pollutants if render in air in large amounts kindle cause harm to life and property. gentle activities have added more pollutants to the air. These air pollutants are of two groups Those that proceed our health such as Particulate bailiwick or Suspended Particulates, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, post Toxics, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons. The other group of air pollutants are those that affect our environment, which cause harm by altering the properties of the air such as Ozone and Photochemical smogginess and Depleters of Stratospheric Ozone.Transportation and industry have contributed more than to the taint of the air. Motor vehicles are the major sources and contributor of pollutants in cities like Metro Manila. Gasoline-fueled vehicles produce more particulates and oxides of nitrogen. Human activities have also upset the balance in ozone layer.Knowing the harmful effects of air contamination, what thusly should people do about it? The most we can do is to reduce the amount of harmful substances that volition enter the atmosphere and remove as much pollutants from the air as possible.Removing poll utants from the air is not as effective as preventing pollution and reducing pollution. Preventing pollution is more effective and easier to do than removing pollutants from the air. Nature frequently does this for us for examples the high rainfall and the frequent and hearty typhoons cleanse the air for us. However, we have no hold up over Natures self-cleansing schedule.ReferencesSantos, Gil Nonato C and Jorge P. Ocampo (2003). comprehension and Technology I. Rex Printing Company, Inc. Manila.